Report on Greater Galago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Report on Greater Galago - Essay Example Males have a penis that is 20mm in length with tip wellings (Anderson 326). Furthermore, the penis is enclosed in spines that reduces in size in the direction of the tip where the baculum end is observed (Anderson 329). Otolemur crassicaudatus mainly feeds on fruits, gums from Acacia karroo, millipedes, seeds, insects and nectar (Clark 588). This species of Galogos also consumes lower sepals from Adonsonia digitata (baobab) and Genius Combretum (Coe & Isaac 123). In Transvaal south Africa this species of Galogos feeds on dry fruits that are hard shelled and woody and also Zizyphus mucronata berries. Greater Galogos also feeds on anthropoids found in orders: Isoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Chilopoda, Odonata and Coleoptera (Harcourt 492).Moreover, this species feeds on termites of Macrotermes sp and millipedes using tongue and lips while walking (Happold & Happold 118).It does this by moving from one tree to another capturing insects and foraging on gum (Clark 593). Otolemur crassi caudatus sleeps in hidden thick mesh of creepers and twigs of trees 5-12m from the ground .Greater Galogos have many sleeping sites and during the day they cannot move away from these sites Otolemur crassicaudatus moves quadrupedally in bushes and forests. While on the ground, it moves using hind limbs only with a kangaroo gait and where both hind and fore limbs are used, it has portrays galloping gait. The hindquarters are in the air when it is either running or walking (Anderson 328). In terms of social behavior, Otolemur crassicaudatus is a nocturnal primate that displays the following characteristics; first, male and female move away from their birth localities, but males sometimes return to avoid dominant male. Male’s territory overlap with that of female with no overlap home ranges while the latter have overlap home ranges. Males do not keep out other male within their home but females have a tendency of keeping out other females (Clark 1985). Social interaction mainly takes place in overlap home ranges especially after feeding and, in some cases, the whole night. In mating period, females tend to associate with juveniles and males (Clark 585). Juveniles follow mature males at night to understand areas or regions where food resources are found (Clark 589). During reproduction, females make nests which consist of unreachable and middle-depressed with dense foliage leaves to provide shelter for the infants. Greater Galagos have a gestation period of 128 days (Ehrlich 192).The species gives birth to singletons, twins or triplets in a birth season which is usually early November (Harcourt 492). Sexual organs swell in the mating seasons in Otolemur crassicaudatus. The species has one mating season which takes place in June for a period of two weeks. The species gives birth at day time with female remaining awake when other Galagos go to sleep. There are visible contractions that are followed by frequent licking of genital before birth. Female do not pr oduce any sound at the time when they are giving birth. Infants weigh about 40g and are sired with open eyes. The infants spend most of their time in conduct with their mother who transports them orally up to when they are about five weeks (Ehrlich 198). At the age of seven weeks, infants begin to explore their environment and, in some cases, they play. Weaning takes place at the age of three month. This species is found in western Africa (central), Eastern and southern parts of Africa. In South Africa, it is found

New Paradigm for HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

New Paradigm for HR - Essay Example Most of the organizations are using human resources as an important source of competitive advantage, however Losey, Meisinger, & Ulrich (2005) have presented different challenges and dilemmas in this regard. COMPELLING ISSUES HIGHLIGHTED BY AUTHOR: Some of the main issues highlighted by the author are as follow: 1. Increased Diversity among the workforce: owing to increasing globalization and free trade there have been different cross cultural issues in the multinational organizations. The employees belong to different ethnic and cultural backgrounds and as a result makes it difficult for the management to control and manage the human resource. 2. New Logic for Human Resource: Losey, Meisinger, & Ulrich (2005) have presented new logic for human resource in order to avoid cross cultural and diversity issues. This includes the three Rs paradigm i.e. recognize, respect, and reconciliation. 3. The war for Talent: should there be fresh hiring or the old employees should be retained 4. Iss ues in Selection and Recruitment: old abilities versus new talent and potential EVALUATION OF THE AUTHORS POSITION: The authors are of the idea that the organizations should implement the principle of ‘think globally and act locally’. The organizations should strive to capture the international markets but at the same time should adapt to the local culture and preferences. The human resource personnel faces different issues and challenges while deciding for important human resource decisions. There is difference in the view points of people from different cultures and backgrounds. According to the authors, the HR managers and decision makers should focus on the three Rs framework i.e. recognize, respect, and reconciliation. The decision makers at first place should recognize the explicit and implicit differences in the approaches, ideas, and values. Secondly, they should respect the differences and viewpoints of other people. And finally, there should be reconciliation in all different views and opinions which in turn will eliminate all tensions and issues related to HR policies. SUPPORTING DATA: These difference in opinions because of diversity is not only restricted to the HR functions and decisions of the organization but is also faced by other functions like marketing. Trompennars and Wooliams (2004), in their article ‘A new paradigm for Marketing Across Cultures’ have presented the same three Rs framework i.e. recognize, respect, and reconciliation in HR. According to them in order to come up with effective and efficient marketing strategies and decisions for different cultures and nations, the marketing professionals should learn to recognize, respect, and reconcile different opinions and cultural viewpoints. Apart from this different researchers have presented the idea of managing the diversity among the organization by bringing a harmony among different views and opinions. OPPOSING VIEW POINT: There have been different researc hes in order to come up with effective and efficient strategies in order to combat with diversity management. There have been different viewpoints in this regard. According to the Roberge and Dick (2010), diversity among the workforce results in increasing the overall productivity and performance of the organization. The view presented by Roberge and Dick (2010), is different from that of Losey, Mesinger, and Ulrich (2005). The formers are of the view that the different opinio

Treatment of Labourers of Banana Workers

Treatment of Labourers of Banana Workers Bananas are one of the most common food in our todays world, they have a lot of nutritional values like vitamin C and A, also calcium. Banana is one very essential food because of its nutritional value, that causes workers and organizations to put in a lot of work into harvesting and transporting it. Most of the time, we give little concerns to the farmers who are not given fair treatment for their services. The question is now, are we inconsiderate consumers for ignoring the fact that laborers are not paid accordingly or thats not our responsibility. We can be fair consumers by ensuring that something is done about the problem? In this essay, I would discuss more about the social and environmental issues regarding the geographic flows of bananas. Bananas are grown and harvested in tropical regions. According to community.plu.edu, Bananas were originally found in South East Asia, mainly in India(2007), they are also predominant in Latin American countries like Chile. Bananas moved from South East Asia to the West, aided by Arab rulers, found its way to Africa and the Caribbeans, its final-destination. In the Caribbeans, bananas are harvested for 9 months. According to banana link, Banana growing is, in general, labor intensive (BANANA LINK). It involves clearing cutting of jungle areas, they are then harvested by cutting the bananas in bunches, then they are packaged and exported to countries like Canada and the United States. As the bananas are transported to other countries, they are kept in refrigerating ships and factors like temperature and humidity are regulated to make sure the bananas are in perfect condition. During this transportation process, some issues surrounding the ONE Banana industry may arise. Some of the iss ues are due to unfavorable weather conditions, mismanagement or careless packaging. Some of these issues may lead to poverty, hunger for the laborers because they wont be paid in full or even deforestation. numerous issues combine, contributing to further deforestation, environmental degradation, poverty, hunger ( Anup Shah, 2001). The production of Bananas has a lot of economic benefits for the source countries because of its high demand in other parts of the world. Bananas are also number four on the list of staple crops in the world and one of the biggest profit makers in supermarkets, making them critical for economic and global food security (Shah, 2001). Bananas have become such a common, inexpensive grocery item that we often forget where they come from and how they got here (shah, 2001). Due to our ignorance and lack of concern the laborers of this crop, especially in third world nations continue to be treated as outcast/unfairly even though they are the ones who do most of the work needed to ensure the growth of bananas. Barely up to 30% consumers know of how the laborers responsible to produce bananas exposed to severe conditions such as violation of human rights and child labor. Banana workers in Ecuador are the victims of serious human rights abuses, Human Rights and child labor (Human Rights Watch 2016). Little growing children of about ages 5 to 9 are forced to work under dangerous and hazardous conditions and whenever their parents complain about it to their bosses, they would be shunned or their pay would be cut short. Some environmental issues relating to the production, import and export of bananas are: deforestation, soil erosion, destructing of habitat of wild animals and loss of soil nutrients. During harvesting periods, the soils are likely to get affected, depending on the method of banana harvesting used (cutting down of the whole tree). Also, the means of transportation used to transport the bananas contributes to pollution. The trucks and planes used to transport it from one place to another releases smog which contaminates the air. The production of mangoes has a similar process to that of banana. They are both grown and harvested in South East Asia and some countries in Africa like Nigeria. These two commodities are fruits with similar nutritional values, so they can be used for the same purposes, making of fruit juice. Another similarity they is that the farmers that plant these crops arent treated with consideration. They are exposed to a lot of unfavorable working conditions yet their pay doesnt match up to their services. Their human rights are violated because they have little or no say/liberty. Their growing children are also subjected to child labor, so they can get more money to take care of their family. The difference in the production of these two products is that in terms fair trade of bananas, the huge profit that is made from the banana proceeds are usually shared among the large farming organizations, while the smaller farmers get little to nothing from the proceeds. In the case of fair trade of mangoes, the profit made from the proceeds are shared equally amongst all the farmers involved. Based on my analyses, there is enough to evidence to show that most laborers are not treated fairly, especially those in third world nations. We as consumers should stand solely for free trade and fair treatment, we can do this researching more on the products we consume. If we do this the government would be left with no option but to ensure that there is no bias among laborers.

Sex and Gender Essay -- Anatomy Papers

Sex and Gender Arianna Stassinopoulos wrote in the 1973 book The Female Woman: "It would be futile to attempt to fit women into a masculine pattern of attitudes, skills and abilities and disastrous to force them to suppress their specifically female characteristics and abilities by keeping up the pretense that there are no differences between the sexes" (Microsoft Bookshelf). In her statement we see a cultural feminist response to the dominant liberal feminism of the 1970s. Liberal feminism de-emphasized gender differences, claiming that women were the equals of men and that this would be obvious if only they were offered the same opportunities as men with no special privileges necessary. On the other hand, cultural feminists such as Stassinopoulos claimed that women's unique perspective and talents must be valued, intentionally emphasizing the differences between men and women. A third type of feminism, post-modernism, is represented in Sexing the Body by Anne Fausto-Sterling. Post-modern feminism questions the very origins of gender, sexuality, and bodies. According to post-modernism, the emphasis or de-emphasis of difference by cultural and liberal feminists is meaningless, because the difference itself and the categories difference creates are social constructions. Fausto-Sterling's post-modernism, however, depicts this social construction in a unique manner; she attempts to illustrate the role of science in the construction of gender, sex, and bodies. In doing so she discusses three main ways in which science aids in the social construction of sex: first, new surgical technology allows doctors to literally construct genitalia; second, socially accepted biases aff ect the way scientists design, carry out, and analyze ex... ...heories of performing gender to make this point, Fausto-Sterling is able to point to concrete scientific experiments and explain where they go wrong. And one can conclude from Fausto-Sterling's book that not only do we "do" gender, we also "do" sex and bodies as well. Works Cited Butler, Judith. "Performative acts and gender constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory." 1998. Excerpt from K. Conboy, N. Medina and S. Stanbury, eds. Writing on the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory (401-17). NY: Columbia University Press, 1997. Fausto-Sterling, Anne. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. NY: Basic Books, 2000. Stassinopoulos, Arianna. "The Natural Woman." Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. Entry found under "gender." Microsoft Bookshelf 2000. CD-ROM. 2000.

Original Writing – Snowdrops

I will never forget the day when Miss Webster was going to show us the snowdrops growing in the little three- cornered garden outside the school keeper's house, where we weren't allowed to go. All through that winter, I remember Miss Webster saying, that the snowdrops had been asleep under the ground, but then they were up, and growing in the garden. I remember a frank speaking with Garath. He was telling me how he had imagined the snowdrops, but all he could imagine was one flake of the falling snow, bitterly frail and white, and nothing like a flower. I recall that morning being very cold. I remember leaning against the kitchen table, I remember because I had put my brother, Geraint, who was three at the time, in the armchair in front of the fireplace. That morning my mum realised the time and began to shout, â€Å"Hurry up or you'll never get to school.† God rest her soul, she only past away a year ago. I remember I replied â€Å"Miss Webster is going to show is the snowdrops today!† I was so excited. My mum just looked at me and smiled, the rest is a bit fuzzy. But I do remember my mother wondering where my father was, and suddenly he entered the room. My father was a big man; every time he entered the room he filled the room with bigness. He stood in front of the fire because it was cold in the yard, and all I could see was a faint light each side of my father's wide body. I remember this next moment vividly, my father said, â€Å"it's a cold wind, I can't remember a colder march. My father turned around and faced my mum and I, smiling because I think he had just realised that he was much warmer and the cold March wind was trapped outside the house. â€Å"You're a big boy for six,† he said to me, â€Å"and it's all because you eat your breakfast up.† This was a joke my father always said, and part of it was for me to just look and smile, all the time all I could think about were the snowdrops. Then, I remember thinking that it might be too cold to go and see them. Or perhaps Miss Webster would only take the boys, I confirmed to myself, because we were stronger, and the girls could stay in school out of the cold. â€Å"The Meredith boy is being buried this afternoon† I overheard my father saying to my mother. I don't remember exactly what my father said but I remember my father saying that he couldn't go. And my mother replying, â€Å"How old was he?† â€Å"Twenty,† my father answered. â€Å"Twenty last January, silly little fool. That bike was too powerful for him- well, to go at that speed on wet, dark night.† I'll never forget the anger yet sadness on my fathers face, as he continued to talk to my mother. â€Å"Over seventy, the police said, straight into the back of a stationary truck, a terrible mess.† â€Å"He was a nice looking boy too.† My mother added. â€Å"All the Meredith's' are,† replied my father. â€Å"This one was very friendly with the young teacher up at the school, Webber is it? Something like that.† I remember turning around in shock thinking that it couldn't be Miss Webster or could it? But at that age I didn't really understand, all I could think was if my father was talking about Miss Webster, what did that mean? Then suddenly my mother coughed and looked at me sharply. â€Å"Oh?† said my father, â€Å"of course I should have remembered. Come on, David, or you'll be late.† The next moment is a bit hazy, but all I recall is it being much warmer when I got to school, and Edmund telling me a joke about Europe. I recall not seeing Miss Webster for some time of the morning, so we had to go into Miss Lewis's class. My memory fails me on what happened next, but I do reminisce to Edmund playing a trick on Gerald Davis by tying his shoelaces together. I can recall asking Edmund â€Å"Do you wish that Miss Webster will take us to see the flowers when play is over?† Edmund responded â€Å"I don't care, because I've seen some already growing in my aunt's garden.† The rest of the morning is a blur, except for when I drew a robin. After that I just remember asking Miss Webster â€Å"shall we be going to see the snowdrops this afternoon?† â€Å"Yes†, she replied, â€Å"if Miss Lewis will allow us, we'll go and see them this afternoon.† I bring to mind eating my lunch quietly, while thinking in my head of a story about a wizard who could change himself into anything at all. It was a good story, but something always seemed to happen before I got to the end of it. Sometimes I began it at night in bed, only to fall asleep long before the really exciting part. Now my mother was talking to me. â€Å"Was Miss Webster in school this morning?† she asked me, â€Å"Yes, but she came late. She didn't arrive until playtime.† â€Å"Poor girl,† my mother said as she shook her head. I thought about this for a long time, and then recalled back to earlier that morning. I continued â€Å"She's got a bad hand,† I said. â€Å"She caught her finger in the cupboard door and her hand was bleeding. She's got a bandage on it today, she'll never be able to bend her finger again, and that's what Edmund Jenkins said.† I remember her looking at me and shaking her head while saying â€Å"Oh, you and Edmund Jenkins.† As many of my memories, I only recall a few moments of me running back to school to see the snowdrops. However when I got back there was nobody about, except some girls skipping and giggling just inside the school yard, as I made my way inside the building. Everybody was sitting very quietly inside the classroom. We were allowed to go in early because it was very cold. Normally we would have stayed outside however wet and cold it was, but today it seemed that they all wanted to sit quietly with Miss Webster, close to the cast- iron shove that had the figure of the tortoise on top. At two o'clock Miss Webster marked her register and then began to tell us a story. It was a good story, about a dragon who guarded a hoard of treasure in his den underground, where the snowdrops slept all through the winter. But as time went on, I noticed Miss Webster continually turned around to look at the big clock in the hall. I realised she could see it through the top half of the classroom door, which I distinctly remember having four panes of glass in it. Also her voice seemed to be hoarser than usual, at the time I assumed she had a cold, which was fine when she read the dragon bits, but not good for the knight nor the princess. Unexpectedly, she shut the book with a sharp and stood up; she hadn't even finished the story. And till this day I always wonder how the story ended, but I could never remember the title. She then announced, â€Å"Now we'll go to see the snowdrops† she said. â€Å"I want the girls to go quietly to the cloakroom and put on their coats. When they are ready, I'll come along with the boys, everybody must wear a coat. If you have difficulty with buttons, please stand in front and I'll fasten them for you.† I stood up with a sudden lightning of heart. I had known all the time that Miss Webster would not forget, and at last she was taking me to see the miraculous flowers, pale and fragile as the falling snow. I looked at Miss Webster with pure gratitude. I remember her eyes being as bright as frost, and she was making sure the girls walked nicely through the door. Just as we were about to leave, Edmund Jenkins waved at me and that was funny, because Edmund had his black gloves on with a hole in a place he could push his finger through. Edmund waved his finger like a fat white worm in the middle of his dark hand. We all walked through the playground, in two rows holding hands, and I hold Edmund's hand as we gave a little ship together every three steps. It didn't take long to get to the garden. We all bent down, four at a time, to look at the little clump of snowdrops as Miss Webster told us what to look at. I and Edmund would be last to look. When the other children had finished, the other children went down to the garden gate which opened onto the road. I remember it being a big gate, with iron bars and your head could almost poke through. Somewhere a long way off I could hear men singing. They sang softly, mournfully, the words carried gently on the air over the school wall, but I could not hear what they were singing. â€Å"It's a funeral,† Edmund assured me. â€Å"My father's there and my uncle Jim. It's a boy who was killed on a motorbike.† I nodded. Funerals often passed the school on their way to the cemetery at the top of the valley. All the men wore black suits and they walked slowly. Sometimes they sang. I squatted down to look at the snowdrops. I felt a slow, sad disappointment. I looked around for Miss Webster to explain these simple flowers to me, but she had gone down to the gate and was staring through, looking up the road. Her back was as hard as stone. I turned again to the snowdrops, concentrating, willing them to turn marvellous in front of my eyes. They hung down their four petalled heads in front of me, the white tinged with a minute green, the little green ball sturdily holding the petals, the greyish leaves standing up like miniature spears. I began to see their fragility. I saw them blow in a sudden gust of the cold March wind, shake, and straighten gallantly. I imagined them standing all night in the dark garden, holding bravely to their specks of whiteness. I put out a finger to touch the nearest flower, knowing now what snowdrops were. I lifted my face to tell Miss Webster, but she was standing right at the gate, holding the iron bars with her hands. I could see her shoulders shaking, at that time I didn't realise that Miss Webster wasn't shaking because of the cold, she was shaking because she was scared. *Mor ddedwydd yw y rhai trwy ffydd s'yn mynd o blith y byw†¦* Sang the men as they filed solemnly past the school. I knew it was welsh because of my grandmother, and it was sad and beautiful, at the same time. After a while we couldn't hear the singing anymore, but Miss Webster continued to cry aloud in the midst of the cold March wind. As in her own personal way, she said goodbye to her sweetheart.

Pros and Cons of Freedom of Religion

Pro's of ImmigrationWork force- many immigrants work at low-paying jobs that natural born citizens often don't want to perform. These jobs, although not glamorous, are essential to the economy.Diversity- an advantage of immigration to the United States is the increase in diversity and culture throughout the country. Although many people argue that this is not a good thing, many others feel that diversity and culture can serve to educate Americans.International Image- Immigration makes America a more open, understanding and welcoming country. Immigration in the U. S. hus can be a strong advantage in international relations and politics.Economy- Immigrants that provide cheap labor also have an impact on the nation's overall economy.That is, when businesses can't fill low-paying jobs, they have one of two choices. We must remember we all come from immigrants What makes the United States so great is the diversity which is only possible through immigration The United states is a land of o pportunity and we should be able to share these opportunities with others If no one was able to come into the United States there would basically be no America What message are we sending if we had no immigration?Opportunity and freedom is what makes the United states so strong. None of us would be here if it wasn't for immigration unless you are 100% Native American Immigrants even provide new ideas for inventions, and sometimes cheap labor for big companies. This cheap labor can lower prices of U. S. goods, and those new ideas are the basis of why this country is amazingly powerful Can you not say that this country is a great country? Can you not think of them coming here to America as a complement to us.There are so many countries that have different racial populations today and they all work because they feel no threat. Americans complain and complain that immigrants take our jobs that most Americans will not even commit to. Do you see any of the wealthy in those fields? NO! Mos t of them make less than minimum wage and still complain Con's of freedom of Religion Cons of the policy of freedom of religion can be described firstly as the practices themselves.Practices may involve sacrifices or rituals that are not taken kindly by other religious groups. That brings it to another disadvantage: Hate and discrimination can fuel attacks,murder and in extreme cases, terrorism. Wrongfully use to divide rather than unite humanity. Some people need a book to direct their moral values. Slow man progress, for example, stem cell research. It brainwash the worshippers. Uses fear tactics, for example, going to hell. May lead to greed, power and hypocrisy. Religious leaders use religion to enrich themselves.Religion may be use to preys on people’s ignorance. Religion helps make many fast conclusions without deep examination. Devoid people of accountability for their own actions because their religion tell them it was ok to do. Every person of his or her religion bel ieves one religion is better than another. Religions are manufacture, making people to live in illusion, escaping reality and living in a delusional world. The religion decides what is right and wrong based on the religion and not by the individual.Religion plays some part in wars and people use it to justify their fighting, hate, and intolerance. Religious leaders may engage in preaching hate and intolerance against other religious belief systems. Ask followers to donate money so they can go to heaven, this mean less money for the followers and their family. Wars over religion, single view on the way things should work, dominate religion governing how people should think. Limits freethinking and freedom of speech, for example, drawing of the prophet Mohammed is considered forbidden by Muslims.Human right violations, for example, Sharia law for the Muslims, gays may put to death, freedom of speech is not allow, women and girls are not allow to go to school and so on. It creates mass delusion in which the religious people believe that they are right on moral grounds solely based on their religion or to what religious entity they are a part of. Religious leaders may act like businessmen competing in the market, advertising that their religion is genuine and certified product on the market for going to heaven and eternal life. |

Free Essays on Cyber Security

Cyber Security and E-Commerce Many businesses in today’s financially competitive corporate world rely heavily on e-commerce to survive with their markets. Companies such as Ebay, AOL, Amazon, and Yahoo, are e-commerce-based on rely solely it solely for their revenues. With this in mind, this issue of cyber-security is tied directly in link with the business that sell using e-commerce and the customers who buy their products; as is the threat of cyber terrorism, which has the ability to disrupt e-commerce servers, steal consumer information, and essentially cause economic chaos throughout the e-commerce world. Many serious issues exist within this link, most of which deal with the safety of making purchases over the Internet. Many e-commerce customers have major concerns with the fact that their billing information my be intercepted while in transit over the Internet. Many questions have been raised as to whether or not personal information is encrypted, and moreover, whether the encryption stays encrypted. In relation to this, In a February 10, 2003 article from Indian Express Newspaper reports, â€Å"A recent survey has shown that of the total online assessors, only 43 per cent are online buyers, the rest are concerned about security and privacy of their personal information, especially their credit card number. Does this mean that those who are transacting, on the Internet are ignorant about the risk? Banks offer electronic funds transfer service; do they offer an assurance that customer's account will not be debited without his consent? How can we have an assurance that the cybershop-keeper and its staff will not misuse our credit card number?†[2] In answering these questions, in an article from the Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, Edna Sarty reports, â€Å"Despite industry growth, consumer concern over Internet security is very strong, limiting the potential of e-commerce. Internet security problems have a neg... Free Essays on Cyber Security Free Essays on Cyber Security Cyber Security and E-Commerce Many businesses in today’s financially competitive corporate world rely heavily on e-commerce to survive with their markets. Companies such as Ebay, AOL, Amazon, and Yahoo, are e-commerce-based on rely solely it solely for their revenues. With this in mind, this issue of cyber-security is tied directly in link with the business that sell using e-commerce and the customers who buy their products; as is the threat of cyber terrorism, which has the ability to disrupt e-commerce servers, steal consumer information, and essentially cause economic chaos throughout the e-commerce world. Many serious issues exist within this link, most of which deal with the safety of making purchases over the Internet. Many e-commerce customers have major concerns with the fact that their billing information my be intercepted while in transit over the Internet. Many questions have been raised as to whether or not personal information is encrypted, and moreover, whether the encryption stays encrypted. In relation to this, In a February 10, 2003 article from Indian Express Newspaper reports, â€Å"A recent survey has shown that of the total online assessors, only 43 per cent are online buyers, the rest are concerned about security and privacy of their personal information, especially their credit card number. Does this mean that those who are transacting, on the Internet are ignorant about the risk? Banks offer electronic funds transfer service; do they offer an assurance that customer's account will not be debited without his consent? How can we have an assurance that the cybershop-keeper and its staff will not misuse our credit card number?†[2] In answering these questions, in an article from the Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, Edna Sarty reports, â€Å"Despite industry growth, consumer concern over Internet security is very strong, limiting the potential of e-commerce. Internet security problems have a neg...

Four tips for effective tweeting - Emphasis

Four tips for effective tweeting Four tips for effective tweeting If you were nervous about using Twitter in a professional capacity already, the past months headlines about 10,000 tweeters having potentially libelled Conservative peer Lord McAlpine probably wont have helped your confidence. But tweeting doesnt have to be the minefield its often presented as. Just remember to treat it with the same respect that you would any public communication and you cant go far wrong, writes Cathy Relf. Here are four tips that youd naturally apply to face-to-face or written communication. Apply the same rules to your tweets and youll soon find youre opening up a whole new channel of sector-specific news, networking and chat. 1. Strike a balance One of the trickier aspects of tweeting in connection with work is that you need to balance being professional with being personable. If everything you tweet is dry, factual and work-related, few people are likely to want to follow you. On the other hand, if you only ever tweet about football and nights out, youre likely to alienate colleagues and clients with whom you have only profession in common. The answer is moderation. Of course its fine to tweet about both work and football just make sure theres a balance. Twitter is an informal space and your followers are hoping to see a little personality, otherwise theyd simply look you up on your company website. They just dont want to know what you had for breakfast. Dont monitor your follower numbers too closely, though, or read too much into losing a few now and then. If your follower count is on a general upward trend, thats good. But dont check it more than once a week. It will fluctuate daily and hourly, partly because some people use programs that follow and unfollow accounts on their behalf. Incidentally, we wouldnt recommend you do this, any more than youd employ someone to make and dispose of your face-to-face acquaintances. 2. Dont be a bore Remember, just like a conversation in the office or the pub, its not meant to be a monologue. If people mention you or respond to your tweets, reply to them. If the only thing that responds to your tweets is tumbleweed, resist the urge to just repeat the same tweets again, and instead ask yourself why. Perhaps you tweeted at a time when people tend not to be looking at Twitter. (There are apps that can help you with this.) Commuting hours and lunchbreaks are often good times to get conversations going. Or perhaps your tweets arent reaching many people simply because you dont have many followers in which case, try following other people and responding to their tweets. Theyre likely to do the same in return. Or perhaps youre tweeting things that dont invite a response. Try asking a question to get things going. In fact, one of the best things about Twitter is that it puts a whole community of communicators at your fingertips, many of whom are willing to share their opinions. Its a great opportunity for brainstorming and feedback. For example, when I was planning this article, I thought it might be helpful to start by asking people what kind of behaviour they disliked on Twitter. The answers came flooding in (occasionally a little swearily, be warned), and Ive used Storify to collate them. 3. Keep it wise and legal Remember that unless youve set your account to protected (where only your followers can see your tweets), everything you write is visible to everyone, whether theyre a member of Twitter or not. So its not the place to complain about your boss, your colleagues, your clients or anyone else. Be as careful with the truth on Twitter as you would when publishing material in any other place. Libel is the publication of matter that is false and defamatory. That includes tweets and RTs, even if you delete them later and even if your account is set to protected. Earlier this month, lawyers for Lord McAlpine identified more than 10,000 potentially libellous tweets incorrectly linking him with child sex abuse. The fact that the tweets were triggered by a misleading Newsnight report hasnt prevented Lord McAlpine taking action against some of the tweeters. Nor has the fact that in some cases they made only mysterious observations, rather than direct allegations. Theres a simple way to stay out of this kind of trouble: never tweet or retweet anything that youre not one hundred per cent sure is true, especially if it has the potential to damage the reputation of a person or a company. 4. Learn the lingo Youre probably as keen on LOLs and ROFLs as we are (ie not very), so were not going to discuss those here. However, there are a few Twitter-specific abbreviations that you need to know, if you dont already. DM direct message. These can only be seen by the person youre sending them to. Everything else is visible to everyone. You can only DM someone if they already follow you, and they can only reply if you follow them. RT retweet. There are two ways to RT. Either you can click the retweet symbol to replicate the original message exactly, or you can do a manual retweet by copying and pasting the text, preceded by RT @username. This allows you to add your own comment at the start of the tweet. MT modified tweet. Sometimes when you do a manual RT youll run out of space and have to cut a little of the original. In this case, write MT @username instead. HT hat tip. When you want to tweet about something that you found out about via another user, but you dont want to use their own words, its polite to mention them with an HT (or a via). #hashtags. These are meant to make searching for subjects easier. So, for example, if youre tweeting something about Brighton, you might hashtag the word #Brighton. However, people often use them to add witticisms to the end of their tweets. #becausetheythinkitsclever (Incidentally, you cant use punctuation in a hashtag. Yes, that its pained me.) FF follow Fridays. On Fridays, some users share their favourite tweeters to encourage others to follow them. Its a compliment, so its polite to thank them. But retweeting it to show off your popularity is a no-no. In the December issue of the Write Away e-bulletin, we show you five ways that tools and apps can make your tweeting more effective.

The Ancient History of Making Olive Oil

The Ancient History of Making Olive Oil Olive oil is, essentially, a fruit juice made from olives. Olives were likely first domesticated in the Mediterranean basin some 6,000 years ago or so. It is thought that oil from the olive was one of several attributes that likely made the bitter fruit attractive enough to result in its domestication. However, the production of olive oil, that is to say, the deliberate pressing of oil out of olives  is currently documented no earlier than ~2500 BCE. Olive oil is a fruit juice made from olives.  First used as lamp fuel and in religious ceremonies in the Mediterranean about 2500 BCE.  First used in cooking at least as long ago as 5th-4th century BCE.  Three grades of olive oil are manufactured: extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), ordinary virgin olive oil, and pomace-olive oil (OPO). EVOO is the highest quality and the one most often fraudulently labeled.   Olive oil was used anciently for a  variety of purposes, including lamp fuel, pharmaceutical ointment, and in rituals for anointing royalty, warriors, and other important people. The term messiah, used in many Mediterranean-based religions, means the anointed one, perhaps (but of course, not necessarily) referring to an olive oil-based ritual. Cooking with olive oil may not have been a purpose for the original domesticators, but that began at least as long ago as the 5th–4th century BCE. Making Olive Oil Making olive oil involved (and still does) several stages of crushing and rinsing to extract the oil. The olives were harvested by hand or by beating the fruit off the trees. The olives were then washed and crushed to remove the pits. The remaining pulp was placed into woven bags or baskets, and the baskets themselves were then pressed. Hot water was poured over the pressed bags to wash out any remaining oil, and the dregs of the pulp was washed away. The liquid from the pressed bags was drawn into a reservoir where the oil was left to settle and separate. Then the oil was drawn off, by skimming the oil off by hand or with the use of a ladle; by opening a stoppered hole at the bottom of the reservoir tank; or by allowing the water to drain off from a channel at the top of the reservoir. In cold weather, a bit of salt was added to speed the separation process. After the oil was separated, the oil was again allowed to settle in vats made for that purpose, and then separated again. Olive Press Machinery Roman olive presses in the city of Sufetula, Tunisia. CM Dixon/Print Collector/Getty Images Artifacts found at archaeological sites associated with making oil include milling stones, decantation basins and storage vessels such as mass-produced amphorae with olive plant residues. Historical documentation in the form of frescoes and ancient papyri have also been found at sites throughout the Mediterranean Bronze Age, and production techniques and uses of olive oil are recorded in the classical manuscripts of Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius. Several olive press machines were devised by the Mediterranean Romans and Greeks to mechanize the pressing process, and are called variously trapetum, mola molearia, canallis et solea, torcular, prelum, and tudicula. These machines were all similar and used levers and counterweights to increase the pressure on the baskets, to extract as much oil as possible. Traditional presses can generate about 50 gallons (200 liters) of oil and 120 gal (450 li) of amurca from one ton of olives. Amurca: Olive Oil Byproducts The leftover water from the milling process is called amurca in Latin and amorge in Greek, and it is a watery, bitter-tasting, smelly, liquid residue. This liquid was collected from a central depression in the settling vats. Amurca, which had and has a bitter taste and an even worse smell, was discarded along with the dregs. Then and today, amurca is a serious pollutant, with a high mineral salt content, low pH and the presence of phenols. However, in the Roman period, it was said to have had several uses. When spread on surfaces, amurca forms a hard finish; when boiled it can be used to grease axles, belts, shoes, and hides. It is edible by animals and was used to treat malnutrition in livestock. It was prescribed to treat wounds, ulcers, dropsy, erysipelas, gout, and chilblains. According to some ancient texts, amurca was used in moderate amounts as a fertilizer or pesticide, repressing insects, weeds, and even voles. Amurca was also used to make plaster, particularly applied to the floors of granaries, where it hardened and kept out mud and the pest species. It was also used to seal olive jars, improve the burning of firewood and, added to laundry, could help protect clothing from moths. Industrialization The Romans are responsible for bringing about a significant increase in olive oil production beginning between 200 BCE and 200 CE. Olive oil production became semi-industrialized at sites such as Hendek Kale in Turkey, Byzacena in Tunisia and Tripolitania, in Libya, where 750 separate olive oil production sites have been identified. Estimates of oil production during the Roman era are that up to 30 million liters (8 million gallons) per year was produced in Tripolitania, and up to 10.5 million gal  (40 million li) in Byzacena. Plutarch reports that Caesar forced Tripolitanias inhabitants to pay a tribute of 250,000 gals (1 million li) in 46 BCE. Oileries are also reported from the first and second centuries AD in the Guadalquivir valley of Andalusia in Spain, where average annual yields were estimated at between 5 and 26 million gal (20 and 100 million li). Archaeological investigations at Monte Testaccio recovered evidence suggesting that Rome imported approximately 6.5 billion liters of olive oil over the period of 260 years. What Is EVOO? Olive oil production in 2018, in the Berber mountain village of Toujane, Tunisia. A blinded donkey is moving an edge mill to crush olives. Thierry Monasse/Getty Images There are three different grades of olive oil made and marketed, from the high-quality extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) to medium-quality ordinary virgin olive oil, to low-quality olive-pomace oil (OPO). EVOO is obtained by direct pressing or centrifugation of the olives. Its acidity can be no greater than 1 percent; if it is processed when the temperature of the olives is below 30 °C (86 °F) it is called cold-pressed.   Olive oils with between 1 and 3 percent acidity are known as ordinary virgin oils, but anything greater than 3 percent is refined, by accepted chemical solvents, and those oils can also be fairly marketed as ordinary.   Lower Quality Oils and Fraud Pomace is one of the main byproducts of the pressing process; it is a conglomeration of skin, pulp, pieces of kernels, and some oil left over when the first processing is completed, but the oil undergoes rapid deterioration due to the moisture content. Refined OPO is obtained by extracting the remaining oil using chemical solvents and a refining process, then it is improved with the addition of virgin oil to obtain OPO.   Many of the common manufacturers of olive oil practice the fraudulent mislabeling of olive oils. Since EVOO is the most expensive, it is the most often mislabeled. Mislabeling often concerns the geographic origin or oil variety of olive oil, but EVOO which has been adulterated by the addition of cheaper oils is not EVOO anymore, despite its being labeled as such. The most common adulterants in mislabeled virgin olive oils are refined olive oil, OPO, synthetic oil-glycerol products, seed oils (such as sunflower, soy, maize, and rapeseed), and nut oils (such as peanut or hazelnut). Scientists are working on methods of detection of the mislabeled olive oils, but such methods have not been made widely available.   Once someone tries a real extra virgin- an adult or a child, anybody with taste buds- theyll never go back to the fake kind. Its distinctive, complex, the freshest thing youve ever eaten. It makes you realize how rotten the other stuff is, literally rotten.  Tom Mueller Sources: Capurso, Antonio, Gaetano Crepaldi, and Cristiano Capurso. Extra-Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO): History and Chemical Composition. Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet in the Elderly Patient. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. 11–21. Print.Foley, Brendan P., et al. Aspects of Ancient Greek Trade Re-Evaluated with Amphora DNA Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.2 (2012): 389–98. Print.Guimet, Francesca, Joan Ferrà ©, and Ricard Boquà ©. Rapid Detection of Olive–Pomace Oil Adulteration in Extra Virgin Olive Oils from the Protected Denomination of Origin â€Å"Siurana† Using Excitation–Emission Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Three-Way Methods of Analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta 544.1 (2005): 143–52. Print.Kapellakis, Iosif, Konstantinos Tsagarakis, and John Crowther. Olive Oil History, Production and by-Product Management. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology 7.1 (2008): 1–26. Print.Mueller, Tom. Extra Virgini ty: The Sublime and Scandalous World of Olive Oil. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. Print. Niaounakis, Michael. Olive-Mill Wastewater in Antiquity. Environmental Effects and Applications. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 30.4 (2011): 411–25. Print.Rojas-Sola, Josà © Ignacio, Miguel Castro-Garcà ­a, and Marà ­a del Pilar Carranza-Caà ±adas. Contribution of Historical Spanish Inventions to the Knowledge of Olive Oil Industrial Heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage 13.3 (2012): 285–92. Print.Vossen, Paul. Olive Oil: History, Production, and Characteristics of the Worlds Classic Oils. Horticultural Science 42.5 (2007): 1093–100. Print.

Strategic audit Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic audit - Case Study Example The primary objective of the company had been to make a holistic improvement and incorporate everybody in this innovative drive. The company nurtured a corporate objective to occupy the leadership position in the home improvement retail global market. The business strategy aimed to diversify the business and to open new stores whereas the functional strategy attempted to provide better service. However the management failed to achieve the objective within the allotted timeframe. In 2006, the company framed a new strategy that was comprised of 3E’s; â€Å"enhancing the core† by improving the quality of products and services offered, â€Å"expanding the business† by entering different business operations and â€Å"expanding the market† by opening new stores in US as well as in the international market. None of these strategies were consistent with the mission, strategy and objective that were adopted by the company. This led to the non alignment of the internal as well as external environment. The company then adopted a policy that would improve store productivity, increase acquisitions and mergers, diversify the product and services offered to the clients, and open new stores. In reality, the company failed to implement its policies in all the occasions because they were not aligned with the mission, strategy and objectives. At present, the company has planned its mission, objectives, strategy and policies to achieve higher growth in the services provided by it. However the direct-to-consumer section contributes very little in the revenue portfolio of sales. The current policy is to open stores in 1500 locations. But the market in US is already saturated and the company managed to open only a few stores in the last 5 years. As on May 25, 2006, the company had 11 people in the board out of which 9 were independent. Hence majority of the board members were from external sources (as they belonged

Management Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Science - Essay Example It could be used to test various possibilities without any major risks regarding the inventory levels, leftovers, lost or theft, etc. As mentioned earlier, the main advantage of models is that they allow tremendous flexibility in terms of making changes, experimentation, etc. Various models exist such as budgeting models, debt analysis models, etc. Although there is a lot of comfort that comes with the usage of business models; however, most people who form those models do not follow a particular framework of model development. The basic problem arises when people start working at the top left hand corner and start moving and copying cells and introducing variables in a haphazard manner. It is also a wrong approach to develop formulae when you need them. We might end up developing a model, the quality of the model development process and the developed model suffers (Spreadsheet model for managers, 2010). All business related curriculums teach their students about spreadsheet model and how to model problems faced by businesses, however, very few focus on teaching a particular framework that can be utilized for building a proper high quality model. There are several problems that one may encounter while modeling business models in spreadsheets. The few very common problems are: One major problem that one might encounter while modeling on spreadsheets is that they do not have a proper structure for designing or laying out the model. We can quickly jump on model formulation, however, we would realize while developing the model that we need to bring in a proper structure or some sort of rules as the model stretches to more than one sheet. Models spread on more than one sheet could get pretty complex, and difficult to extend or edit if in case the requirements or the basis change. Another problem with spreadsheet modeling is that there could be several mistakes while copying formulae. The formulae

Intelligence Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Intelligence Research Methods - Essay Example The most in-depth paper that I had to write was a research paper on the class international relations of in the middle-east for the topic; Islam and politics. Although the terminology might not be the same, I am sure with my analytical skills; I can do great and well detailed papers as these are invaluable skill sets. Though the technology has pretty much reduced the need for analytics as there are now softwares that analyze data, these cannot be done away with as they are the ones checking the validity and fundamental worth of data. Although both scholarly and intelligent research methods might seek to determine whether data is reliable and authoritative, the scholarly researchers have not embraced the notion of going out and searching for data sources as the intelligence community does with security in mind. This is very true as in the world of a scholar; there are much analysis and data validation techniques that are applied as the skills are there but not geared towards solving security puzzles. There needs to be integration of the scholarly and intelligence community research methods and processes to shape up great data analysts. Catholic University of America, School of Library and Information Science â€Å"Library Science and Intelligence Analysis: Converging Educational Paths†. You Tube. Flash Video File. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSbfUZ2bg_Y (Accessed April 9, 2014)

Supply chain management, innovation capability of the company Dell Essay

Supply chain management, innovation capability of the company Dell - Essay Example The organization is continuously focusing on technological innovation. Attractive tablets and touch screen products has increased the brand preference. Recently, Dell is one of the leading brand names within the technology industry due to its effective product differentiation and supply chain process (Mentzer, 2004, p.112). This essay will focus on various supply chain strategies and processes of Dell. Discussion Delegated suppliers of Dell are the strongest assets of the organization. Effective and unique supply chain process is the major core competency of the organization. Dell focuses on two criteria during the selection of the suppliers. These are health and safety and management qualification. Effective contribution of diverse suppliers have supports the whole business process of Dell. Effective supply chain strategy and process helps the organization to meet market demand and customer satisfaction. A firm of suppliers need to have the dignity, respect and ethical standards (Ma ngan, Lalwani and Mentzer, 2004, p.112). Moreover, women owners, ethnic minorities, veterans and disable veterans are the effective parts of the supply chain management of Dell. Supply chain network of Dell consists of 6 key ingredients, such as sub-component manufacturer, component manufacturer, component assembler, wholesaler, retailer and final customer. The organization utilizes several sub-component manufacturers to establish the major component. These established components are provided to Dell. The organization has developed itself as large wholesaler in global market place. These completed components of Dell are then purchased by the wholesaler. Following to this, several global retailers purchase these products from their wholesalers to mitigate the market demand (Bozath, 2006, p.22). Finally, the end-potential customers avail the products from retailers to satisfy their own individual level of needs and desire. Dell follows a unique supply chain process. Suppliers and cust omers are two key parts in the supply chain process of Dell. The suppliers of Dell supply the products on appropriate demand in every two hours. Generally customers place order for the products through phone and internet (Li, 2007, p.51). All the manufacturing units or plants of Dell have unique internal storing system. Merging storing system is the key part of the supply chain of Dell. Effective logistics associates of Dell provide deliveries and services within the mentioned deadline. The organization focuses on highly qualified and capable suppliers as the major goal of the organization is to meet the satisfaction level of customer through effective customer service and significant technological innovation. Dell operates within the first movers industry. The suppliers of Dell always focus on innovation and effective supply chain processes. The organization tries to invest significantly in order to avail latest and developed materials to develop several innovative products like to uch screen. Highly qualified suppliers are necessary for this reason. The unique suppliers help the organization to utilize unique source of product materials. Supply chain theory depends on two key aspects like supply chain management and internal functional co-ordination. Effective supply chain management helps the organization to monitor and manage the suppliers in a unique strategic manner. The employees of Dell take the major initiative

The case of Hamdan v Rumsfeld Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The case of Hamdan v Rumsfeld - Essay Example de by Senate and Congress and the changing of the language in the bill whereby even though the courts would be stripped off jurisdiction in Guantanamo Bay cases, the pending cases would still be heard by the court. The fact that the legal language and points argued presented by the defense was based strictly on law and almost every one of them had the Supreme Court judges agree to them was evident that the case and ruling were solely based on strict construction. The ruling would however have been based on judicial activism had it been based on Columbia or Virginia as the ruling would have been political. The decision for the judges to base their ruling on strict construction was an indication of the judicial arm of the government being impartial and this boosts the society’s trust in this arm of the government. Allegation shave been made in the past about how the court prejudiced the courts are and the judges show much support to the politics and administration of the day rather than do what is right. This decision however completely changed that view and especially for the immigrants and people of other races who are considered minority like the Yemeni driver. The society will also start believing in the bill of rights as the decision which was based on the sixth amendment and the third Geneva Convention upheld fairness for all and accorded the prisoners in the military prison in Cuba a fighting chance for their cases to be heard and for them to be proven guilty or not as prisoners of war. The society can now start having more faith in the judicial system and believing that everyone has a fighting chance and a chance to be heard in court and the ruling made fair (Walsh and Craig 28). The social contract emphasizes that the individuals are the real people behind the government and even though they have appointed leaders as state people to govern them, they are just considered the guardians of the people’s rights (Rousseau, 26). These guardians are supposed

Choose a topic that talk about a company Term Paper

Choose a topic that talk about a company - Term Paper Example Income statements and balance sheets are considerably two of the more important accounting instruments in reflecting the fiscal situation of companies. Hence, balance sheets and income statements are frequently used by companies. Accounts of a particular company are likely to get affected as a result of variation in assets of company at one hand and liabilities on the other hand, respectively (Helfert 40). These financial instruments are, therefore, helpful to configure both assets and liabilities. The income statement is the overall view of the company’s financial state and tends to vary with the variation in cash and expenses. On the other hand, the balance sheet reveals the true picture of the current financial status of the company. Likewise various other standards are part of the financial practices across the world but almost all of them, ultimately, serve the same purpose. This report precisely aims to give an insight on the use of financial instruments namely the 10 â €“ K for fiscal year ended December, 2012, by Yahoo! Inc., and the affect of different journal entries on EPS (Earning per share) & in net income. Earnings per share (EPS) serve as an indicator of a company's profitability. Allocating portion of a company's profit to each outstanding share of common stock is a standard activity. This report will also focus on multiple journal entries featuring the financial tool based on Form 10 K and their subsequent effects on net income and EPS. Journal Entries Journal entries are about reporting financial transaction in an accounting book of the company. These entries serve as source information to generate other financial reports (Wolfe). The financial statements (Form 10 - K) for Yahoo! Inc. for the year ended December, 2012, will remain the primary focus of analysis in the discussion ahead (Yahoo! Inc. 79). Duly consolidated Balance Sheet of Yahoo! Inc. is appended below, for referral, with regard to discussion on journal entries. Yahoo! Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheet December 31, 2012 ASSETS Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents 2,667,778 Short term marketable securities 1,516,175 Accounts receivable 1,008,448 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 460,312 Total current assets 5,652,713 Long term marketable debt securities 1,838,425 Alibaba Group Preference Shares 816,261 Property and equipment, net 1,685,845 Goodwill 3,826,749 Intangible assets, net 153,973 Other long term assets 289,130 Investments in equity interests 2,840,157 Total assets 17,103,253 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY Current liabilities: Accounts payable 184,831 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 808,475 Deferred revenue 296,926 Total current liabilities 1,290,232 Long term deferred revenue 407,560 Capital lease and other long term liabilities 124,587 Deferred and other long term tax liabilities, net 675,271 Total liabilities 2,497,650 Commitments and contingencies - Yahoo! Inc. stockholder's equity: Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 1 0,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding - Common stock, $0.001 par value, 5,000,000 shares authorized; 1,189,816 shares issued and 1,115,233 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2012 1,187 Additional paid in capital 9,563,348 Treasury stock at cost, 74583 shares as of December 31, 2012 (1,368,043) Retained earnings 5,792,459 Accumulated other comprehensive income 571,249 Total Yahoo! Inc. stock

The case of Hamdan v Rumsfeld Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The case of Hamdan v Rumsfeld - Essay Example de by Senate and Congress and the changing of the language in the bill whereby even though the courts would be stripped off jurisdiction in Guantanamo Bay cases, the pending cases would still be heard by the court. The fact that the legal language and points argued presented by the defense was based strictly on law and almost every one of them had the Supreme Court judges agree to them was evident that the case and ruling were solely based on strict construction. The ruling would however have been based on judicial activism had it been based on Columbia or Virginia as the ruling would have been political. The decision for the judges to base their ruling on strict construction was an indication of the judicial arm of the government being impartial and this boosts the society’s trust in this arm of the government. Allegation shave been made in the past about how the court prejudiced the courts are and the judges show much support to the politics and administration of the day rather than do what is right. This decision however completely changed that view and especially for the immigrants and people of other races who are considered minority like the Yemeni driver. The society will also start believing in the bill of rights as the decision which was based on the sixth amendment and the third Geneva Convention upheld fairness for all and accorded the prisoners in the military prison in Cuba a fighting chance for their cases to be heard and for them to be proven guilty or not as prisoners of war. The society can now start having more faith in the judicial system and believing that everyone has a fighting chance and a chance to be heard in court and the ruling made fair (Walsh and Craig 28). The social contract emphasizes that the individuals are the real people behind the government and even though they have appointed leaders as state people to govern them, they are just considered the guardians of the people’s rights (Rousseau, 26). These guardians are supposed

Shakespeare and Austen present Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare and Austen present Essay Exploration of the ways that Shakespeare and Austen present us with different aspects of love or the theme of love looking at similarities and differences in the two texts and bearing in mind the different times they were written in. In this essay, I am going to look two texts, Shakespeares A Midsummers Night Dream and Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice. The theme I am fascinated to write about is love and this is very significant in both books. In A Midsummers Night dream, love is displayed in a more light-hearted way and not absolutely serious, yet, Pride and Prejudice is introduced more meaningful and formal. I will additionally investigate the first impressions of both books. Pride and Prejudices first title was First Impressions. I will not only be investigating how the characters first impressions effect one another but moreover the first impression of the reader and how they are affected by passion. Pride and Prejudice and A Midsummer Nights Dream are, as a matter of first importance, two texts about getting through difficulties and accomplishing emotional fulfilment and those problems. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth, the courageous person, and Darcy, her resulting husband, the main difficulty lies in the books first title: First Impressions. Darcy, the proud, noble nephew, should break from his initial thought of Elizabeth as not handsome enough to tempt me and from his prejudice in opposition to her lack of money and the way her family live. Elizabeths first impressions, however, shows Darcy as arrogant and vain; as an outcome, she later receives offensive accusations in disapproval to him as right. The marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth uncovers the qualities that create a successful marriage. One of these qualities is that the feeling cannot be carried on by look, and should continuously improve as individuals as they get to know each other. At first, Elizabeth and Darcy were far off from one another because of how prejudice they were towards one another. The succession of occasions and bumping into each other which they have both encountered gave them the chance to understand each other and the chance to reveal their true emotions for one another. They discussed and shared that their understanding of each other will head them to a tranquil and enduring marriage. This connection between Elizabeth and Darcy uncovers the significance of getting to know the person before marrying. Both Elizabeth and Darcy are pressured to understand their beginning misunderstandings. The first part of the novel follows Darcys movement to the point at which he is right to allow his affection despite his opinions. In the second part, Elizabeths mixed up impressions are replaced by changed feelings about Darcys loyal personality. Darcys two proposals to Elizabeth show the true advancement of their relationship. His first proposal on page 185 of the novel shows he has grasped his fondness and love for Elizabeth but has not yet developed his hate for her family. When Darcy proposes for the second time, he positively confirms his affection for Elizabeth, now with full understanding of Mr. Darcys exceptional person, joyfully accepts. It shows how they finally achieve the ability to view each other fair eyes. Hermia and Lysander are the lovers where nothing goes their way. Their affection is so solid that nothing would get in the way of their love. This shows their relationship to be really passionate just like Darcy and Elizabeth. Hermia is confronted with a determination to marry Demetrius, the man she doesnt have feelings for. The father of Hermia is the one setting up the marriage. Their affection is so strong that they will let nothing stop them, so they run together into the woods. This sincerely is an indication of correct affection. However, Hermia and Lysanders relationship is almost completely opposite to Darcy and Elizabeth because their relationship is pulled apart by the magic potion, while Darcys and Elizabeths is growing as they are getting to know each other more. In my opinion, I believe that Hermia is the singled out person that speaks thoroughly, articulately, and is most unbelievably civilised in this play about love and any person Now much beshrew my manners and my pride If Hermia meant to say Lysander lied. But, gentle friend, for love and courtesy, Lie further off, in humane modesty. Such separation as may well be said becomes a virtuous bachelor and a maid, So far be distant; and good night, sweet friend. Thy loves neer alters till thy sweet life end. This implies that Hermia is most obviously expressive when she explains her love to Lysander. An additional case is Why are you grown rude! What changed is this, sweet love? This indicates that Hermia is definitely caring towards her love to Lysander I think that Hermia is the most appropriate person in A Midsummer Nights Dream that speaks articulately, and most incredibly sympathetic in this play about love. Pride and Prejudice is a novel in which people marry for love, personality and happiness, however, A Midsummer Nights Dream portrays it as mad and a bit ridiculous but there is nothing to do about it. The marriage between Jane Bennet and Charles Bingley is also a case of successful marriage. Elizabeth shows her feelings of the relationship when she says, really believed all his (Bingley) expectations of felicity, to be rationally founded, because they had for basis the excellent understanding, and super-excellent disposition of Jane, and a general similarity of feeling and taste between her and himself. Bingley honestly adores Jane for who she really is. Unlike Darcy and Elizabeth, there is damage in their connection. The imperfection is that both characters are too nai ve and too great-hearted to ever act positively in conflict to outer forces that might try to split them: You (Jane and Bingley) are each of you so complying, that nothing will ever be resolved on; so easy, that every servant will cheat you; and so generous, that you will always exceed your income.

Dracula By Bram Stoker English Literature Essay

Dracula By Bram Stoker English Literature Essay Very famous for introducing Count Dracula and the novel tell the story of Count Dracula a vampire that have been seeking his dead love for hundred years but he finally found it In a young woman named Mina Murray that live in London that takes him to seek her but at the same time a group of men and the famous Van Helsing want to kill count Dracula they unleashes a battle between Dracula and Van helsing Dracula has been assigned to many literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, the gothic novel and invasion literature. Characters Details: Primary Characters- Count Dracula: A centuries-old vampire and Transylvanian nobleman, Count Dracula inhabits a crumbling castle in the Carpathian Mountains. He can assume the form of an animal, control the weather, and he is stronger than twenty men. His powers are limited, however for instance, he cannot enter a victims home unless invited, cannot cross water unless carried, and is rendered powerless by daylight. Abraham Van Helsing: A Dutch professor, his pupil is Dr. Seward. Called upon to cure the ailing Lucy Westenra, Van Helsings contributions are essential in the fight against Dracula. Unlike his comrades, Van Helsing is not blinded by the limitations of Western medicine: he knows that he faces a force that cannot be treated with traditional science and reason. Knowledgeable about vampire folklore, Van Helsing becomes Draculas chief antagonist and the leader of the group that hunts Dracula down and destroys him. Jonathan Harker A lawyer, whose firm sends him to Transylvania to conclude a real estate transaction with Dracula. Harker quickly finds himself a prisoner in the castle and barely escapes with his life. He demonstrates a fierce curiosity to discover the true nature of his captor and a strong will to escape. He help Van Helsing defeating Dracula Mina Murray: Jonathan Harkers fiancà ©e. Mina is a practical young beautiful woman who works as a schoolmistress. Eventually victimized by Dracula herself and the best friend of the Lucy Westenra who is the first victim of Dracula Lucy Westenra: Beautiful young woman, every man who meets her wants to marry her or save her life, or both. Lucy chooses Arthur to be his wife, but is Draculas first victim and she became in a vampire that eats the blood of the children but later she is killed by Van Helsing group in her tomb. John Seward: A talented young doctor he is Van Helsings pupil. Seward is the administrator of an insane asylum not far from Draculas English home and the first to see Lucy Westenra after she was injured by Dracula. Sewer notes are better than the other because I took the story through the eyes of Seward Arthur Holmwood: The one that Lucy choose to marry with, he is a sensitive man an is in the moment when they have to kill Lucy in her tomb he also lose his family in a short period he also finances the vampire hunt and lets everyone use his title to gain access to information about Dracula. Quincey P. Morris: Quincey is from Texas. He is an old friend of Arthur Holmwoods and John Sewards. He also wants to be helpful whenever he can. It is his seeming lack of importance that shows his personality Quincey ultimately sacrifices his life in order to rid the world of Draculas influence. Second Characters- Renfield: An inmate in Dr. Sewards insane asylum. He is seduced by Dracula, who he hails as his Master. When he is at his best, he is polite and intelligent and he tries to do the right thing. When he is at his worst, he eats insects for their souls and is completely vulnerable to Draculas will. It is he who allows the Count into Sewards home he is some kind of servant to Dracula Peter Hawkins: Jonathans boss and mentor. He is very generous and has great faith in Jonathan, both as a solicitor and as a person. Plot This story begins with the journal of a man named Jonathan Harker who has travelled to Transylvania to give some documents about the new property in London to count Dracula, when Jonathan arrives to the castle and meet count Dracula he describes Dracula like a pale thin old man and finds strange the castle of count Dracula and have bad feelings about it, then he start to feel dark presence and hearing noises , when he tried to escape from the castle Count Dracula trap him on the castle with other three women vampires, Dracula prepared a ship to go to London . Jonathan has a fiancà ©e, her name is Mina Murray who is waiting for the return of Jonathan, meanwhile she went to the wedding of her friend Lucy Westenra and Arthur Holmwood ,next in the night Mina see that Lucy was in the courtyard and she was attacked by a dark form of monster but when she went to help Lucy she only find her injured and nothing more, then her husband Arthur called the doctor John Seward who Is the one that g ive the treatment to Lucy that consist of giving her a lot of blood transfusions but is seems to have any good results so Seward decides to call his mentor Van Helsing who come from Amsterdam, when he arrives he checked Lucy and he tell them that Lucy cannot be saved them she die. Jonathan has escaped an returned to London thinking about nothing happened in that castle was real when suddenly his boss Peter Hawkins died and leave a great fortune to Jonathan , then he marries Mina. One day Jonathan see Dracula but he cant remember because Dracula has recovered his youth because the blood of his victims then Jonathan went unconscious and that allow mina to read his journal and know what happenen in the castle. Soon there is a rumor of a monster in London that sucks blood from people ,that take Van Helsing to gather Mina, Jonathan, Arthur, Quincey, Seward and to seek Lucys tomb and watch how Lucy wake up in vampire form and they killed her by cutting off her head , Van helsing prepare Mina, Jonathan, Arthur, Quincey and Seward to kill Dracula, but in the search Van helsing realized that Mina was on danger so Helsing and sewer went into Minas room and found Jonathan unconscious and mina in the arms of Dracula drinking blood from him, next Dracula disappear. When th ey think that all is lost Van Helsing tell them that if they kill Dracula after the next day Mina would return back to normal then they use Mina to led them to Draculas place and when they arrive to Transylvania they found the box that have the body of the count but it was protected by some gypsies but they won the battle an kill count Dracula and that make Mina back to normal but Sewer got bad injured and sadly he die, but at least Mina and Jonathan live happily thats the end of the novel Personal Evaluation and conclusion- Book strengths: in this book is written like in journals and letters , and give the point of view of almost all the characters that helps to get in their thoughts and to near feel as they feel in the novel, I liked that so much because this novel dont have only one narration Book Weakness: It can be very heavy for some people because it is divided in journals and different points of view so it can be hard for some people to relate and to follow the story but it has its benefits Sources: Dracula by Bram stoker book in Pdf Wikipedia- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula Horror novels review- http://usersites.horrorfind.com/home/horror/dracula/bookreviews/bramstokersdracula.html Dracula Characters- http://www.bookrags.com/notes/dra/CHR.html

PAULA ABDUL :: essays research papers

Rarely in the history of entertainment has there been an artist equally recognized, awarded and celebrated in front of the camera as well as behind the camera, as is Paula Abdul. Abdul’s extraordinary music career encompasses worldwide album sales exceeding 40 million records, two #1 Albums, six #1 Singles, a Grammy Award, seven MTV Awards, 3 American Music Awards, two Emmy Awards, two People ¹s Choice Awards and two Kid’s Choice Awards. She has also been honored with her very own Star on Hollywood Boulevard and inducted into Nickelodeon’s Kid’s Choice Hall of Fame. Currently, Abdul is receiving acclaim as â€Å"the heart and soul† of the record-breaking primetime FOX show American Idol, for which she is a Celebrity judge. Abdul has even gone so far as to design inspirational â€Å"Innergy† good luck jewelry for the American Idol contestants, which they can occasionally be seen grasping for strength and inspiration during more stressful times on the popular high-stakes show. The jewelry became so popular, that Paula developed an entire jewelry line to make available for all men and women in America. Each piece represents the â€Å"Inner Energy† it takes to succeed. Paula’s jewelry is available at Sam’s Club and on her web site, www.paulaabdul.com. Most recently, Paula has used her former dance and cheer career, along with her unique expression of style, to design her own lines of dance and cheer clothing called â€Å"Skirtz.† â€Å"Skirtz† serves as an inspiration for young girls and teens all over the country. Her clothing is available at Wal Mart stores. Behind the camera, Abdul is known as one of the most gifted and recognized choreographers in the industry of film, television, video, stage and live tours. Her celebrated work in choreography includes Emmy-winning contributions to The Tracey Ullman Show, She choreographed the film Coming toAmerica, which starred Eddie Murphy. Paula’s own performance as an artist on the American Music Award, and her choreography for the Academy Awards, for which she earned an Emmy nomination. Other triumphs include her award-winning work with Janet Jackson, which garnered two MTV Video Awards; and working with such musical legends as Aretha Franklin, George Michael, Luther Vandross, INXS, Heart and Prince.

Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis

A Physical Location Background Huffman Trucking has offices paired with plants in four states: California, Missouri, New Jersey, and Ohio. Huffman has grown both organically and through acquisition. The tremendous growth experienced by the company has also shined the light on some growing pains. Each of the four locations have independently managed networks including telephony which has resulted in disconnected systems that require independent investment for upgrades, support, and maintenance and lacks the ability to leverage investments across the organization. The end result includes multiple proprietary telephony platforms and gateways that leave the organization unable to reduce overhead cost in this area. There is some good news found in some levels of common platforms among several locations. The focus of this paper will be to identify the common strengths regarding the types of systems, define the physical extent of the systems, and describe the services available. In addition opportunities to levera ge existing investments and reduce cost will be identified. B Network Commonality and Variance According to the network diagrams provided for each facility by Huffman there are some consistencies among the various facilities. The Missouri and Ohio office locations currently have an Avaya Digital Phone System installed that communicates through the use of a token-ring. Similarly the Missouri and Ohio plant locations have commonality by employing a token-ring to enable communication of several analog handset terminals to a mainframe. In the plant all of the phones also communicate through the token-ring without the benefit of any type of digital phone system. Other consistencies, albeit to a lesser extent, ca... ... manage all types of digital communication. Huffman would need to consider how much depreciation has occurred for each of the current hardware assets (ie. PBX's, handsets, etc) by location in order to identify a phased approach that would minimize disruption and maximize savings potential. For example, if a PBX at the Missouri office has recently been purchased and has several years before being fully depreciated then the company may want to consider prioritizing another facility first. Certain components such as scanners will still require a analog TDM gateway which means this will have to be considered in any proposed network design. II References VoIP. (n.d.). The American Heritage ® Science Dictionary. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/VoIP Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis A Physical Location Background Huffman Trucking has offices paired with plants in four states: California, Missouri, New Jersey, and Ohio. Huffman has grown both organically and through acquisition. The tremendous growth experienced by the company has also shined the light on some growing pains. Each of the four locations have independently managed networks including telephony which has resulted in disconnected systems that require independent investment for upgrades, support, and maintenance and lacks the ability to leverage investments across the organization. The end result includes multiple proprietary telephony platforms and gateways that leave the organization unable to reduce overhead cost in this area. There is some good news found in some levels of common platforms among several locations. The focus of this paper will be to identify the common strengths regarding the types of systems, define the physical extent of the systems, and describe the services available. In addition opportunities to levera ge existing investments and reduce cost will be identified. B Network Commonality and Variance According to the network diagrams provided for each facility by Huffman there are some consistencies among the various facilities. The Missouri and Ohio office locations currently have an Avaya Digital Phone System installed that communicates through the use of a token-ring. Similarly the Missouri and Ohio plant locations have commonality by employing a token-ring to enable communication of several analog handset terminals to a mainframe. In the plant all of the phones also communicate through the token-ring without the benefit of any type of digital phone system. Other consistencies, albeit to a lesser extent, ca... ... manage all types of digital communication. Huffman would need to consider how much depreciation has occurred for each of the current hardware assets (ie. PBX's, handsets, etc) by location in order to identify a phased approach that would minimize disruption and maximize savings potential. For example, if a PBX at the Missouri office has recently been purchased and has several years before being fully depreciated then the company may want to consider prioritizing another facility first. Certain components such as scanners will still require a analog TDM gateway which means this will have to be considered in any proposed network design. II References VoIP. (n.d.). The American Heritage ® Science Dictionary. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/VoIP

Failure and Young People

1. 4 – Explain when and why inquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious cases of child abuse are when the child is physically injured repeatedly or neglected, which then results in their untimely death. An inquiry into the case is carried out to find out how the child or young person died and how the system failed to protect and prevent this. Serious cases are also recorded and reviewed to give agencies examples of failures to which they can improve on. As stated by Tassoni et al (2010) pg 113, ‘Society has a duty to protect children and young people’ and should be able to do this by having effective communication between all the organisations involved in the protection of children and young people. These organisations such as local authorities, police, education welfare, hospitals etc, are supported by legislation, policies and procedures to help them in their duty of protecting children. Organisations fail in the protection of children when they do not follow the legislation and guidelines set out for them. In the inquiry of Victoria Climbie’s case, the failure to follow proper procedure to protect her led to high-profile media attention because the people involved did not do their duty to keep her safe from the abuse she received from her guardians. The lack of communication between her social workers, doctors, nurses and the police was the reason why her guardians were allowed to continue abusing her till she died. When a serious case is reviewed, agencies such as the local safeguarding authorities or the NSPCC aim to find out what failings the case had and how to make recommendations on how to improve legislation and guidelines, and also how to prevent future serious cases of child abuse. Communication and co-operation between all the agencies involved in the protection of children and young people is important because this helps to ensure their welfare and to promote their well-being.

A Discussion of Control Infection in Healthcare

Introduction Control infections have become more high profile than ever before and have seen the prevention and control during the early years of the twenty-first century. Infection is incontrollable and inevitably devastating, it is a painful fact of life, which is the cause of enormous health problems and the chief cause of death. Infection control is essential in all general care settings in which patients receive health and social care and this will protect the healthcare workers, patients and visitor from hazards and risks.This research concentrates predominantly on infection control in healthcare settings, including the policy of infection prevention related to health and safety policy in the UK for both hospitals and communities under Hygiene Code of Practice in 2006 and the policies and procedures through the prevention and control, which are related to the guidance of infection under the Health and Social Care Act 2008, in order minimise the prevalence of infection and to pr otect the health and safety of both healthcare workers and patient (Department of Health, 2006).In addition, this research contains several issues of risk of spreading infections in healthcare environment and the facilities. Moreover, this research will not disclose or breach any sensitive and confidential information under the Confidentiality Act 2008 (NMC, 2008). Searching the literature A methodical search was conducted using the following systematic which is applicable to the databases, including Medline, CINAHL and PubMed which were searched by using the words â€Å"control infection’ cross-referenced with â€Å"hospital† with 36,000 data results.In addition, several databases were used to compare the changes of ratio from 2002 to 2012. However, several results were not included due to lack of evidence and being non-published. In addition, the university library website was used in order to collect adequate information related to infection by setting on engine th e words infection control cross-referenced statistic†, which gives the hits of 1300 journals and research articles. The articles were considered eligible if reviewed by a reliable publisher, including Oxford journal and BJI. These journals and research articles were reported as an original research, in hich a researcher examined the relationship between the public and the health care setting and these used to review the previous report to collect the updated data. However, more than 50 data were excluded due to inadequate evidence and lack of information related to infection control. Moreover, the majority research was conducted under eligible originations where successfully collected all the relevant data which related to infection control, including Parliamentary, Department of Health, Health Protection Agency and National Audit Office.These organisations were used to identify and review the implication between the statistics of infection and health providers, such as the in fection control professionals. These databases were developed to standardise the protocols for classification and identification of infection prevalence, which have been widely adopted for researchers throughout the world. In addition, this research used altered books to provide information and evidence in order to support the data that have been undertaken from different publisher.The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual Clinical Nursing Procedures (2011) and Infection Prevention Control (2007), books contained information regarding the principles of infection control. Main Body Florence Nightingale is perhaps the first nurse on record to acknowledge the importance of infection control and she initiated the infection control protocols through gathering information and demonstrates the reduction of mortality of infection (Perry 2007). Florence Nightingale noted that during the Crimean War more patients were dying from infections than from certain injuries.However, Quan (2006) stated that, Florence Nightingale did not believe in the presence of microorganism, she found that putting together an ill patient in one area with inadequate space, ventilation and light contributed to the spread of infections. Dougherty & Lister (2011) highlighted that, people who are in hospital or receiving healthcare elsewhere have an increased vulnerability to infection, due to the fact that being in a hospital puts patients in closer proximity to other people with infection conditions. According to the Kings Fund (2012), stated that one of the major concerns of patients and the public are he result of high rates of healthcare-associated infections across the NHS. In addition, healthcare-associated infections are infections that are acquired across hospital and other health care environment, including community and hospital, or due to result of a health care intervention and procedure. According to the Department of Health (2004), it stated that Healthcare Associated Infection (HCAI) is a fatal problem of NHS There are 300,000 patients every year developing HAIs and it is estimated that during a patient’s duration stay in the UK hospital, around 1 in 10 patients can pick up an infection.The National Audit Of? ce (2006) estimates that HAIs contributes to the death of around 5,000 patients each year and costs the NHS up to ? 1 billion per year in the UK. According to the Parliament (2009), it highlights that HAIs, is a consequence of infections, which are acquired from a patient’s treatment by a healthcare worker during the course of their duties. These are often identified in care setting, but can also be associated with medical care delivered in a community.HAIs begins from micro-organisms which a patient carries safely on skin or body and eventually this will become a problem when the micro-organisms have a prospect to breech the body’s defences as a result, for example, intravenous devices, catheterisation and open wound (Dougherty & Lister, 20 11). Furthermore, the Department of Health (2004), has found that infected patients are around 7 times more likely to die in hospital than uninfected patients.The mortality rate of patients in the UK each year is estimated to be around 5, 000 as a direct result of HAIs, which is one of the causes of another 15,000 deaths. Parliament (2011) the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections, which was conducted in 2006 in hospitals in England 8. 2% Moreover, according to Doebbeling et al (2012) who conducted a research to identify commonly cited programmes absorbed throughout a wide variety of HAIs projects and hospital settings it has been revealed that in one year of tudies found in hospitals with an infection control team were more likely to reduced the incidence of HAIs by up to 33%. This research proved by Gamage et al (2012) through conducting further studies in all healthcare providers with infection control team in hospital, which eventually reported almost half per cent in t he reduction of the prevalence rate of HAIs from 10. 5% to 5. 6%. However, the survey has revealed found that healthcare provider with no infection control programme has been persistently increasing the prevalence rate in HAIs of up to 18%.On the contrary, the Nursing and Midwifery Council’s Code of Professional Conduct (2002) argues that nurses are accountability to act as an advocate to prevent HAIs. This statement supported by the NMC Code of Professional and Conduct (2004), highlighted that, nurses must act in order to isolate and minimise risk of patients and it should not regularly defendable to infection control team, which also reinforced by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 places a duty on healthcare providers to avoid the risk of infections if technically as possible (Jeanes, 2005).Dougherty & Lister (2004) stressed that, the standard of care, which set by senior staff often misled by healthcare workers, including the policy and procedure of infection control, such the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations Act 1992 (PPE). This is supported by Atkins (2001), that some of the staff did not have enough time to attend mandatory training for infection control, which shows negative impact of unawareness for infection control protocols and procedures, which eventually cause of poor level of care, such as lack of hygiene, which lead to HAIs.However, Perry (2007) argued that lack of standard of care is often not the cause of HAIs, due to the fact, that before the admission of most patients to hospital have already been acquired infections. This statement supported by NHS (2006), before patients decided to be admitted to hospital, the symptoms of infection have already occurred and in this case the health care provider should not be criticised for the increasing number of HAIs. According to the report of National Audit Office (2008), there are 79% of nfection control programme in NHS Trust, which mostly complied to the measurement of effective ness of infection control, such as standards setting and audit. However, only 11% was formally approved for the infection control programme that may reduce the programme’s authority within several NHS Trusts. In addition, stated, 66 % is the required data of infection that needs to be collected, unfortunately, due to lack of computer software and hardware, only 27% was calculated the rates of infection.In this case, 60% of infection control teams considered being unsatisfied with the support of NHS Trust due to inadequate clerical support, which may affect the performance in improving infection control (National Audit Office, 2011). In addition, Kings Fund (2012), the impact of large-scale cuts to the NHS has been widely reported and discussed in which the healthcare providers are concerned with the increasing incidence of HAIs in the UK.According to a latest survey for GPs and doctors in hospital, which was conducted in 2011, the report found that due to large-scale cuts by the government, the incidence of HAIs will be possibly increase in 2012 and it can have negative impact on healthcare providers . The survey found that, 79% of the 664 health workers, who participated in the survey, stated that it could be more challenging to tackle the prevalence of HAIs, due to a reduction of support of occupational health services and this eventually affects fewer patients getting effective care that is needed to prevent HAIs (National Audit Office, 2011).According to the Health Protection Agency (2008), highlighted that the department of commission in 2006 conducted the following year survey and found that 75, 694 patients were surveyed within acute care hospitals in the UK and 5,743 had HAIs, which gives a prevalence rate of 7. 95%. However, in the national survey, which was conducted in 2005, the reports found that the prevalence rate of HAIs was 8%, the statement shows that the prevalence rate of HAIs in 2005 was slightly higher with 0. % compared to 2006 sur vey (Health Protection Agency, 2005). Ultimately, Parliament (2006) found that the most common site of HAIs were Urinary tract infections with 23. 2%, Lower respiratory tract infections with 22. 9%; Surgical site infections 10. 7%; Bloodstream infections (Bacteraemia) 6. 2%; Skin and soft tissue infections 9. 6%; Other 27. 4%. It clearly shows in the report by Parliament 2006, that the highest rate of HAIs was urinary tract infections with up to 23. %. This report supported by National Healthcare Safety Network (2011) states that urinary tract infection (UTIs) are the most common factor of HAIs and most patients who have acquired urinary tract infection in the hospital approximately 75% are linked with urinary catheter, which is a tube inserted into a bladder through the urethra to drain the urine. The prevalence rate of patients who receive urinary catheters during the duration of stay in hospital is between 15-25%.Charlett et. al. (2009) stated that, long-term catheterisation is f requently used for older patient and others for management options, where different treatments for bladder dysfunction are unsuitable or ineffective . In the UK, a district nurse’s caseload for the long-term catheterisation has been estimated to be around 4% and the catheterised patients prevalence in nursing homes is approximately 9% and possibly up to 40% in some areas (Health Protection Agency,2008),Moreover, Getliffe and Newton (2006) carried a sample of research of small representatives of patients’ records from nursing homes, hospitals and district nurses in which 3 PCTs was undertaken. The survey of CAUTIs resulted in 50% response rate from both the nursing homes and the hospitals 57% and 62. 5 respectively but only 6. 5% from the district nurses, due to problems in distribution of questionnaires to some district nurses. The results found that up to 8. % respondents in the community and hospitals considered that the continuation of urinary catheterisation is use d management option for older patient to prevent bladder dysfunction. On the contrary, a recent research which was carried out Badoz et al (2007) found that the studies of 4010 older patients (65 years old) living in both hospitals and the community in 11 European countries and the prevalence reported of indwelling catheter use was 5. % (range 0-23%) and the result found that, the risk of CAUTIs infections was 6. 5 times greater and catheterised patients were more likely to die within a year than those for patients non-catheterised Furthermore, the majority of existing surveillance on CAUTIs has been conducted in acute care settings, where usually the health of the patient is already compromised by co-morbidities, due to a long period of insertion of the urinary catheter.The study revealed that in primary and community care setting, the prevalence rate of CAUTIs and other healthcare-associated infections are significantly lower (Department of Health, 2003). However, Badoz et al (200 7) specified that, catheterisation is linked with evident risks, which is the most common cause of CAUTIs and CAUTIs are commonly documented as a major source of HAIs in the UK and frequency of catheter use makes substantial overall morbidity for patients and a cost to the NHS.This statement is reinforced by Pellowe (2009), that the recent debate is fuelled due to the fact that patient use catheter is associated with high morbidity of CAUTIs, which accounts for 80% of HAIs. On the other hand, Addison and Foxley (2008) stated that, CAUTIs are frequently seen as the acceptable and tolerable cause of urinary catheterisation carried out for a range of purposes, such as instillation of drugs and intractable incontinence. On the contrary, urinary catheter use is linked with a variety of adverse effects, involving death (Pellowe, 2009).This supported by Nicolle (2008) stated that, the two most important solutions in order to prevent CAUTIs are not to use a catheter and if a catheter is nee ded to minimise the period of use, catheter must be inserted only when there are acceptable symptoms and removed as soon as they are no longer indicated and CAUTIs perchance evaded for some male patient through using external condom catheter. The study revealed that this occurred for 28% of catheterised patients.Furthermore, the majority of existing surveillance was conducted in primary and community care settings; the prevalence rate of CAUTIs is significantly lower (Department of Health, 2003. In recent studies of 4010 older patients (65 years old) living in the community, the prevalence reported of indwelling catheter use was 5. 4% (range 0-23%) and the result found that, the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections was 6. 5 times greater and catheterised patients were more likely to die within a year than those for patients with non-catheterised (Getliffe & Newton, 2006).On the contrary, according to the RCN (2008) found that around 22% of healthcare workers were not aware and uncertain the role of guidelines for the prevention of CAUTIs of several healthcare providers. This is supported by Pellowe (2009) that, the reasons of an increasing prevalence of CAUTIs in hospital and community is due to relatives of patient that is lack of knowledge about infections and those part-time health workers who do not undertake with mandatory training which is mandated by the Health and Social Care Act 2008 that is came into force in April 2009.The Health Protection Scotland (2009) urinary catheterisation is a routine procedure regularly carried out by qualified nurses, however, several numbers of health workers are not aware of the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections which related to the procedure and less likely to meet the necessities in performing catheterisation, due to the fact, that some healthcare workers are skill deficiency and lack of expertise (Bissett, 2005).This supported by Humphries (2011) that reports have repeatedly shown th at several healthcare workers who do not perform hand hygiene before and after performing nursing task is one of the major reasons of the increasing number of CAUTIs. In this case, health workers and patients can leave as many as 1,000 colony-forming units of Klebsiella species on hands more likely to acquire gram-negative bacilli and staphylococcous aureus, which are reported causes of HAIs (Pellowe, 2004).On the contrary, Hadaway (2009) stated that, lifting a patient and touching anything in a patient’s room before performing certain nurses tasks, even after performing hand hygiene is unavoidable, due to the fact, that these are the daily routines of a healthcare workers role in order to ensure the health and safety of a patient. National Hand Hygiene NHS Campaign (2007), defines hand hygiene, as â€Å" the entrance door to better infection control and safer patient care†.Hand hygiene techniques have been implemented for many years into healthcare workers daily routi ne, the NHS have been evaluated on the proper technique to wash hands after being in close contact with patients or after performing certain treatments with patients. Performing hand hygiene thoroughly will certainly be beneficial for both healthcare workers and patients to prevent risk in HAIs (Wendt, 2004).According to Pratt et al, (2007), stated that, existing evidence-based strategies determine that in outbreak settings, contaminated hands of both healthcare workers and patient’s visitors are responsible for transmitting infections and that effective hand decontamination can significantly diminish HAIs rates in high-risk areas, such as operating theatre. Furthermore, Pessoa & Silva (2004) highlighted that studies revealed of epidemiological evidence determine that hand-mediated transmission is recognised as the most contributing element the present infection risks to hospital in-patients.This statement reinforced by Pratt et al, (2007), that hand decontamination before an d after contact with patients is essential in order to prevent transmission of germs. In addition, according to the Department of Health (2006), the NHS Code of Practice on the Prevention and Control of Healthcare Associated Infection, which came into force in October 2006, was established to support health care providers in the UK in order to plan and implement policies for HAIs.These include the criteria by which healthcare providers and managers of NHS ensure patients must perform hand hygiene for clean environment in order to keep the risk of HAIs as low as possible. According to Pittet (2002), the importance of adherence to the guidance of hand hygiene will certainly provide an outline of the effects and aspects that impact on the hand hygiene compliance, which emphasised the national and international guidelines.Furthermore, the issue regarding hand hygiene was addressed in excellence principles for hospital cleanliness, which has developed by the Infection Control Nurses Asso ciation and the Association of Domestic Mangers (NHS, 2004). According to Wendt, C. et al (2004) stated that patients are more likely to put at risk and increase the chance for developing HAIs once informal healthcare workers in contact with patient are not performing hand hygiene properly.It is essential that hands must be decontaminated before every period of care, which includes direct interaction with patients’ food or skin and in order to minimize cross contamination of the healthcare environment (Boyce and Pittet, 2002). However, healthcare workers should not always be responsible for the increasing numbers in spreading HAIs, due to the number of patients admitted in the hospital who have already acquired infections and healthcare workers have no time to assess the patient, due to short staffing (McGuckin, 2004).This is supported by the RCN, Chief Executive & General Secretary Dr Peter Carter, stated that the outcome of cutting staff numbers by up to a quarter and termi nating almost third of nursing jobs will certainly have a deep and possibly dangerous impact on patient health and safety (RCN, 2011). Moreover, El-Masri and Oldfield (2012) stated that healthcare workers are aware of the policy and procedure of hand hygiene and it should be performed before and after contact with patients and the truth of the matter, is nurses and doctors have more behaviour problem than a knowledge problem.Furthermore, Erasmus et al (2010) conducted a research of hand hygiene behaviour to explore the practicality and effects of hand hygiene behaviour of nurses, research design 17 nurses which is equivalent to 25% were invited to participate. The nurses had been observed for 3 weeks intervention for hand hygiene behaviour and the result found only 10% of 25% of nurses had performed hand hygiene, which is far too low.This research supported by Creedon (2008) explores healthcare workers’ compliance with behaviour hand hygiene in four acute care hospitals in Ir eland and the result revealed that the highest non-compliance by behaviour is the Doctors and medical students at 41% of indications, which was followed by nurses and student nurses at 28%. However, healthcare workers are aware of recommendations concerning hand hygiene, but education and knowledge do not in themselves motivate HHB (McGuckin et al, 2004).In recent years, hand washing with water and soap had been considered as the right amount of personal hygiene; however, the evidence concerning the hand washing and the spread of illness has only been proven in the last 20years (Kumperus, 2010). According to Ignaz Semmelweis and Oliver Wendell Holmes the mid-1800s, found that HAIs, is known to be caused by infectious agents, which are transmitted through hands (Cole, 2007).It was acknowledged healthcare providers the important measure of hand hygiene, which can significantly lower the danger of disease, in particular among vulnerable children in the UK (Trick, 2008). On the contrary , frequency hand hygiene can increase skin dehydration and replace the altered or depleted skin lipids that contribute to the barrier function of normal skin Several studies found that more than 30 times of regular hand hygiene can cause skin damage and irritation (Jenner et al, 2006).Moreover, according to Giuliano et al (2012) stated that alcohol gel hand rubs are more effective to prevent the transmission of potential pathogens from health worker’s hands to patients than hand washing with plain or anti-microbial soap. This statement argued by McGuckin et al (2004) that hand rubs gel is only used as a hand cleaner in some circumstances but washing hand with ati-microbial soap and water is important, especially if your hands are visibly contaminated with blood or body fluids and hand washing techniques will certainly have certainly reduced the contamination rates significantly.Conclusion Healthcare-associated infection remains a problem for the community, hospitals and other healthcare providers. The factors, which have continue to drive, the concerning growth in HAIs are numerous but well known. Particularly with patients, which heightens their susceptibility and vulnerability to HCAIs through weakened immunity. In addition, the cost of healthcare-associated infections in the UK is high which is around ? 1 billion per year.The involvement of healthcare workers in assessing the cost of infection and prevention control programmes will certainly reduce the increasing number of HCAs, which can be benefited in NHS and major savings can be achieved. In addition, the healthcare workers must have clear understanding of the latest infection and prevention control recommendations, which healthcare worker’s advocacy and participation in team efforts can play a vigorous role in preventing the increasing number of HCAIs in patients.The routine data collection of the CAUTIs should be more standardised to determine the scale of the risk associated with CAUTIs , in oder to develop the longitudinal database of catheterised patients and to provide essential data which infection control initiatives in hospital and community care can be evaluated and major obstacles will certainly strengthen epidemiological analysis of impact and risk of CAUTIs. The healthcare workers should have adhered to and shown more positive intentions to comply with hand hygiene guidelines and procedures.Healthcare workers should need to be educated regarding the awareness of skin damage and the value of regular, frequent use of hand hygiene. 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